{
 "_meta": {
  "built_on": "2026-07-22",
  "source": "Computed by MigrantUSA from two federal sources",
  "lep_source": "US Census Bureau, ACS 5-year — residents 5+ who speak English less than 'very well'",
  "lep_source_url": "https://data.census.gov/",
  "participants_source": "National Reporting System for Adult Education, Table 3, program year 2023-24 (WIOA Title II English Language Acquisition + Integrated English Literacy and Civics Education)",
  "participants_source_url": "https://nrs.ed.gov/",
  "program_year": "2023-2024",
  "method": "For each of the 50 states and DC: the limited-English population (ACS, residents 5+ who speak English less than 'very well') divided by the number of adults enrolled in federally funded WIOA Title II English classes (National Reporting System, program year 2023-24: English Language Acquisition plus Integrated English Literacy and Civics Education). The result is limited-English residents per federally funded adult-English participant. This counts ONE channel: it excludes community-college ESL, nonprofit, library, faith-based and private classes, apps, and K-12, so a high ratio means the federal adult-ed system reaches few people there, not that no English instruction exists. LEP is a broad denominator that includes children, the elderly, and long-settled residents who may not seek classes. Puerto Rico is excluded as a Spanish-speaking territory where the ratio is not comparable."
 },
 "summary": {
  "jurisdictions": 51,
  "total_limited_english": 26299012,
  "total_adult_english_participants": 766061,
  "national_lep_per_participant": 34.3,
  "national_participants_per_100_lep": 2.9,
  "worst": {
   "state": "District of Columbia",
   "limited_english": 32254,
   "adult_english_participants": 217,
   "lep_per_participant": 148.6
  },
  "best": {
   "state": "Maine",
   "limited_english": 19527,
   "adult_english_participants": 3558,
   "lep_per_participant": 5.5
  },
  "spread_ratio": 27.0,
  "worst5": [
   {
    "state": "District of Columbia",
    "limited_english": 32254,
    "adult_english_participants": 217,
    "lep_per_participant": 148.6
   },
   {
    "state": "Hawaii",
    "limited_english": 147500,
    "adult_english_participants": 1018,
    "lep_per_participant": 144.9
   },
   {
    "state": "Colorado",
    "limited_english": 302011,
    "adult_english_participants": 2138,
    "lep_per_participant": 141.3
   },
   {
    "state": "Texas",
    "limited_english": 3559545,
    "adult_english_participants": 36051,
    "lep_per_participant": 98.7
   },
   {
    "state": "Mississippi",
    "limited_english": 46356,
    "adult_english_participants": 470,
    "lep_per_participant": 98.6
   }
  ],
  "best5": [
   {
    "state": "Maine",
    "limited_english": 19527,
    "adult_english_participants": 3558,
    "lep_per_participant": 5.5
   },
   {
    "state": "Minnesota",
    "limited_english": 246240,
    "adult_english_participants": 21444,
    "lep_per_participant": 11.5
   },
   {
    "state": "North Dakota",
    "limited_english": 15156,
    "adult_english_participants": 1183,
    "lep_per_participant": 12.8
   },
   {
    "state": "Vermont",
    "limited_english": 7536,
    "adult_english_participants": 582,
    "lep_per_participant": 12.9
   },
   {
    "state": "Iowa",
    "limited_english": 108424,
    "adult_english_participants": 7175,
    "lep_per_participant": 15.1
   }
  ]
 },
 "jurisdictions": [
  {
   "state": "District of Columbia",
   "limited_english": 32254,
   "adult_english_participants": 217,
   "lep_per_participant": 148.6,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 0.7
  },
  {
   "state": "Hawaii",
   "limited_english": 147500,
   "adult_english_participants": 1018,
   "lep_per_participant": 144.9,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 0.7
  },
  {
   "state": "Colorado",
   "limited_english": 302011,
   "adult_english_participants": 2138,
   "lep_per_participant": 141.3,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 0.7
  },
  {
   "state": "Texas",
   "limited_english": 3559545,
   "adult_english_participants": 36051,
   "lep_per_participant": 98.7,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 1.0
  },
  {
   "state": "Mississippi",
   "limited_english": 46356,
   "adult_english_participants": 470,
   "lep_per_participant": 98.6,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 1.0
  },
  {
   "state": "New Jersey",
   "limited_english": 1107478,
   "adult_english_participants": 11342,
   "lep_per_participant": 97.6,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 1.0
  },
  {
   "state": "Alaska",
   "limited_english": 29269,
   "adult_english_participants": 477,
   "lep_per_participant": 61.4,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 1.6
  },
  {
   "state": "Pennsylvania",
   "limited_english": 580080,
   "adult_english_participants": 9509,
   "lep_per_participant": 61.0,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 1.6
  },
  {
   "state": "Arizona",
   "limited_english": 539011,
   "adult_english_participants": 9216,
   "lep_per_participant": 58.5,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 1.7
  },
  {
   "state": "Nevada",
   "limited_english": 329311,
   "adult_english_participants": 5717,
   "lep_per_participant": 57.6,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 1.7
  },
  {
   "state": "New Mexico",
   "limited_english": 173410,
   "adult_english_participants": 3053,
   "lep_per_participant": 56.8,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 1.8
  },
  {
   "state": "Oklahoma",
   "limited_english": 153512,
   "adult_english_participants": 2820,
   "lep_per_participant": 54.4,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 1.8
  },
  {
   "state": "Tennessee",
   "limited_english": 234172,
   "adult_english_participants": 4397,
   "lep_per_participant": 53.3,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 1.9
  },
  {
   "state": "Georgia",
   "limited_english": 582263,
   "adult_english_participants": 12619,
   "lep_per_participant": 46.1,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 2.2
  },
  {
   "state": "Virginia",
   "limited_english": 501183,
   "adult_english_participants": 11160,
   "lep_per_participant": 44.9,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 2.2
  },
  {
   "state": "New York",
   "limited_english": 2494875,
   "adult_english_participants": 57387,
   "lep_per_participant": 43.5,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 2.3
  },
  {
   "state": "Louisiana",
   "limited_english": 137967,
   "adult_english_participants": 3364,
   "lep_per_participant": 41.0,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 2.4
  },
  {
   "state": "Alabama",
   "limited_english": 112280,
   "adult_english_participants": 3040,
   "lep_per_participant": 36.9,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 2.7
  },
  {
   "state": "Wyoming",
   "limited_english": 10552,
   "adult_english_participants": 295,
   "lep_per_participant": 35.8,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 2.8
  },
  {
   "state": "South Carolina",
   "limited_english": 150169,
   "adult_english_participants": 4587,
   "lep_per_participant": 32.7,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 3.1
  },
  {
   "state": "Michigan",
   "limited_english": 338030,
   "adult_english_participants": 10476,
   "lep_per_participant": 32.3,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 3.1
  },
  {
   "state": "Massachusetts",
   "limited_english": 644604,
   "adult_english_participants": 20088,
   "lep_per_participant": 32.1,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 3.1
  },
  {
   "state": "California",
   "limited_english": 6400397,
   "adult_english_participants": 203927,
   "lep_per_participant": 31.4,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 3.2
  },
  {
   "state": "Idaho",
   "limited_english": 63669,
   "adult_english_participants": 2034,
   "lep_per_participant": 31.3,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 3.2
  },
  {
   "state": "Arkansas",
   "limited_english": 92685,
   "adult_english_participants": 3056,
   "lep_per_participant": 30.3,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 3.3
  },
  {
   "state": "Maryland",
   "limited_english": 451583,
   "adult_english_participants": 14918,
   "lep_per_participant": 30.3,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 3.3
  },
  {
   "state": "Kansas",
   "limited_english": 128982,
   "adult_english_participants": 4282,
   "lep_per_participant": 30.1,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 3.3
  },
  {
   "state": "Oregon",
   "limited_english": 214428,
   "adult_english_participants": 7551,
   "lep_per_participant": 28.4,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 3.5
  },
  {
   "state": "Nebraska",
   "limited_english": 95326,
   "adult_english_participants": 3533,
   "lep_per_participant": 27.0,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 3.7
  },
  {
   "state": "Wisconsin",
   "limited_english": 171669,
   "adult_english_participants": 6408,
   "lep_per_participant": 26.8,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 3.7
  },
  {
   "state": "Ohio",
   "limited_english": 308070,
   "adult_english_participants": 12094,
   "lep_per_participant": 25.5,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 3.9
  },
  {
   "state": "West Virginia",
   "limited_english": 11312,
   "adult_english_participants": 447,
   "lep_per_participant": 25.3,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 4.0
  },
  {
   "state": "Connecticut",
   "limited_english": 293130,
   "adult_english_participants": 12497,
   "lep_per_participant": 23.5,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 4.3
  },
  {
   "state": "Washington",
   "limited_english": 573880,
   "adult_english_participants": 24426,
   "lep_per_participant": 23.5,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 4.3
  },
  {
   "state": "Montana",
   "limited_english": 9318,
   "adult_english_participants": 401,
   "lep_per_participant": 23.2,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 4.3
  },
  {
   "state": "Utah",
   "limited_english": 151796,
   "adult_english_participants": 6543,
   "lep_per_participant": 23.2,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 4.3
  },
  {
   "state": "Illinois",
   "limited_english": 1056059,
   "adult_english_participants": 45956,
   "lep_per_participant": 23.0,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 4.4
  },
  {
   "state": "Delaware",
   "limited_english": 52927,
   "adult_english_participants": 2333,
   "lep_per_participant": 22.7,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 4.4
  },
  {
   "state": "Missouri",
   "limited_english": 128088,
   "adult_english_participants": 5710,
   "lep_per_participant": 22.4,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 4.5
  },
  {
   "state": "North Carolina",
   "limited_english": 489594,
   "adult_english_participants": 22196,
   "lep_per_participant": 22.1,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 4.5
  },
  {
   "state": "Kentucky",
   "limited_english": 114342,
   "adult_english_participants": 5264,
   "lep_per_participant": 21.7,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 4.6
  },
  {
   "state": "Rhode Island",
   "limited_english": 89645,
   "adult_english_participants": 4164,
   "lep_per_participant": 21.5,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 4.6
  },
  {
   "state": "Indiana",
   "limited_english": 232174,
   "adult_english_participants": 11092,
   "lep_per_participant": 20.9,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 4.8
  },
  {
   "state": "Florida",
   "limited_english": 2517985,
   "adult_english_participants": 120927,
   "lep_per_participant": 20.8,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 4.8
  },
  {
   "state": "New Hampshire",
   "limited_english": 31549,
   "adult_english_participants": 1838,
   "lep_per_participant": 17.2,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 5.8
  },
  {
   "state": "South Dakota",
   "limited_english": 17689,
   "adult_english_participants": 1081,
   "lep_per_participant": 16.4,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 6.1
  },
  {
   "state": "Iowa",
   "limited_english": 108424,
   "adult_english_participants": 7175,
   "lep_per_participant": 15.1,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 6.6
  },
  {
   "state": "Vermont",
   "limited_english": 7536,
   "adult_english_participants": 582,
   "lep_per_participant": 12.9,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 7.7
  },
  {
   "state": "North Dakota",
   "limited_english": 15156,
   "adult_english_participants": 1183,
   "lep_per_participant": 12.8,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 7.8
  },
  {
   "state": "Minnesota",
   "limited_english": 246240,
   "adult_english_participants": 21444,
   "lep_per_participant": 11.5,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 8.7
  },
  {
   "state": "Maine",
   "limited_english": 19527,
   "adult_english_participants": 3558,
   "lep_per_participant": 5.5,
   "participants_per_100_lep": 18.2
  }
 ]
}