{
  "_meta": {
    "dataset": "US recording-consent (wiretapping/eavesdropping) rules, 52 jurisdictions",
    "researched_on": "2026-06-11",
    "method": "4 parallel research passes against official state-legislature statute texts (Justia/Cornell fallback where .gov blocked); case law verified per state; classification sanity-scanned in-session. Raw per-batch research preserved in data/recording_consent_research_raw.json.",
    "classification": "rule = the practical rule for a PARTICIPANT recording a private conversation. 'mixed' = the rule differs between phone and in-person, between criminal and civil law, or turns on secrecy rather than consent — see nuance.",
    "counts": {
      "one-party": 37,
      "all-party": 9,
      "mixed": 6
    }
  },
  "states": {
    "alabama": {
      "name_en": "Alabama",
      "name_es": "Alabama",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Ala. Code §§ 13A-11-30, 13A-11-31",
      "nuance_en": "A participant may always record; only conversations in a private place are protected at all.",
      "nuance_es": "Un participante siempre puede grabar; solo las conversaciones en un lugar privado están protegidas.",
      "source": "https://law.justia.com/codes/alabama/title-13a/chapter-11/article-2/section-13a-11-31/"
    },
    "alaska": {
      "name_en": "Alaska",
      "name_es": "Alaska",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Alaska Stat. § 42.20.310",
      "nuance_en": "Reaches only third-party interception; the state constitution separately requires POLICE to get a warrant before recording (State v. Glass, 1978).",
      "nuance_es": "Solo cubre la interceptación por terceros; la constitución estatal exige que la POLICÍA obtenga una orden judicial antes de grabar (State v. Glass, 1978).",
      "source": "https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp#42.20.310"
    },
    "arizona": {
      "name_en": "Arizona",
      "name_es": "Arizona",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Ariz. Rev. Stat. §§ 13-3005, 13-3012(9)",
      "nuance_en": "Unusually broad: anyone merely 'present during the communication' may consent.",
      "nuance_es": "Regla inusualmente amplia: cualquier persona 'presente durante la comunicación' puede dar el consentimiento.",
      "source": "https://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/03005.htm"
    },
    "arkansas": {
      "name_en": "Arkansas",
      "name_es": "Arkansas",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Ark. Code Ann. § 5-60-120",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/title-5/subtitle-6/chapter-60/subchapter-1/section-5-60-120/"
    },
    "california": {
      "name_en": "California",
      "name_es": "California",
      "rule": "all-party",
      "statute": "Cal. Penal Code §§ 632, 632.7",
      "nuance_en": "Applies to 'confidential communications' only — public settings are excluded; § 632.7 separately covers cell/cordless calls (Smith v. LoanMe, 2021).",
      "nuance_es": "Aplica solo a 'comunicaciones confidenciales' — los lugares públicos quedan fuera; el § 632.7 cubre por separado las llamadas de celular (Smith v. LoanMe, 2021).",
      "source": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=632"
    },
    "colorado": {
      "name_en": "Colorado",
      "name_es": "Colorado",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Colo. Rev. Stat. §§ 18-9-303, 18-9-304",
      "nuance_en": "Both statutes reach only outsiders — a participant in the conversation may always record.",
      "nuance_es": "Ambas leyes solo alcanzan a terceros — un participante de la conversación siempre puede grabar.",
      "source": "https://law.justia.com/codes/colorado/title-18/article-9/part-3/section-18-9-304/"
    },
    "connecticut": {
      "name_en": "Connecticut",
      "name_es": "Connecticut",
      "rule": "mixed",
      "rule_phone": {
        "en": "civil liability if all parties don't consent",
        "es": "responsabilidad civil si no consienten todas las partes"
      },
      "statute": "Conn. Gen. Stat. §§ 53a-189, 52-570d",
      "nuance_en": "Criminal law is one-party, but § 52-570d allows civil LAWSUITS over phone recordings made without all-party consent, recorded notice, or a beep tone.",
      "nuance_es": "La ley penal es de una sola parte, pero el § 52-570d permite DEMANDAS civiles por grabaciones telefónicas hechas sin consentimiento de todos, aviso grabado o tono audible.",
      "source": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_952.htm#sec_53a-189"
    },
    "delaware": {
      "name_en": "Delaware",
      "name_es": "Delaware",
      "rule": "mixed",
      "statute": "11 Del. C. § 2402(c)(4); cf. § 1335",
      "nuance_en": "The wiretap law is one-party, but an older privacy law reads all-party; courts lean one-party (U.S. v. Vespe, 1975) — cautious guides treat Delaware as all-party.",
      "nuance_es": "La ley de intervenciones es de una parte, pero una ley de privacidad más antigua exige todas las partes; los tribunales se inclinan por una parte (U.S. v. Vespe, 1975) — las guías prudentes tratan a Delaware como de todas las partes.",
      "source": "https://delcode.delaware.gov/title11/c024/sc01/"
    },
    "district-of-columbia": {
      "name_en": "District of Columbia",
      "name_es": "Distrito de Columbia",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "D.C. Code § 23-542(b)(3)",
      "nuance_en": "The exception is void if the recording serves a criminal or tortious purpose; civil damages are also available.",
      "nuance_es": "La excepción no aplica si la grabación tiene un propósito criminal o ilícito; también existen daños civiles.",
      "source": "https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/23-542"
    },
    "florida": {
      "name_en": "Florida",
      "name_es": "Florida",
      "rule": "all-party",
      "statute": "Fla. Stat. § 934.03",
      "nuance_en": "Covers only conversations with a reasonable expectation of privacy — public or easily-overheard settings are excluded (State v. Inciarrano, 1985).",
      "nuance_es": "Cubre solo conversaciones con una expectativa razonable de privacidad — los lugares públicos o fácilmente audibles quedan fuera (State v. Inciarrano, 1985).",
      "source": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2025/934.03"
    },
    "georgia": {
      "name_en": "Georgia",
      "name_es": "Georgia",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Ga. Code Ann. §§ 16-11-62, 16-11-66(a)",
      "nuance_en": "A party may record conversations, but secret VIDEO in private places still requires consent of everyone observed.",
      "nuance_es": "Una parte puede grabar conversaciones, pero el VIDEO secreto en lugares privados aún requiere el consentimiento de todos los observados.",
      "source": "https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/title-16/chapter-11/article-3/part-1/section-16-11-66/"
    },
    "hawaii": {
      "name_en": "Hawaii",
      "name_es": "Hawái",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Haw. Rev. Stat. § 803-42(b)(3)",
      "nuance_en": "One-party for participants, but INSTALLING a device in a private place requires consent of everyone entitled to privacy there.",
      "nuance_es": "Una parte para participantes, pero INSTALAR un dispositivo en un lugar privado requiere el consentimiento de todos con derecho a privacidad allí.",
      "source": "https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol14_Ch0701-0853/HRS0803/HRS_0803-0042.htm"
    },
    "idaho": {
      "name_en": "Idaho",
      "name_es": "Idaho",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Idaho Code § 18-6702(2)(d)",
      "nuance_en": "Exception lost if the recording is made to commit a criminal act.",
      "nuance_es": "La excepción se pierde si la grabación se hace para cometer un acto criminal.",
      "source": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/title18/t18ch67/sect18-6702/"
    },
    "illinois": {
      "name_en": "Illinois",
      "name_es": "Illinois",
      "rule": "all-party",
      "statute": "720 ILCS 5/14-2",
      "nuance_en": "Only SURREPTITIOUS recording of private conversations is criminal — open recording, and recording on-duty police in public, are outside the law (ACLU v. Alvarez, 7th Cir. 2012).",
      "nuance_es": "Solo la grabación SUBREPTICIA de conversaciones privadas es delito — la grabación abierta, y grabar a policías en servicio en público, quedan fuera de la ley (ACLU v. Alvarez, 7.º Cir. 2012).",
      "source": "https://www.ilga.gov/documents/legislation/ilcs/documents/072000050K14-2.htm"
    },
    "indiana": {
      "name_en": "Indiana",
      "name_es": "Indiana",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Ind. Code § 35-33.5-5-5",
      "nuance_en": "The wiretap law covers only electronic communications intercepted by non-parties — participants may always record.",
      "nuance_es": "La ley cubre solo comunicaciones electrónicas interceptadas por terceros — los participantes siempre pueden grabar.",
      "source": "https://iga.in.gov/laws/2025/ic/titles/35#35-33.5-5-5"
    },
    "iowa": {
      "name_en": "Iowa",
      "name_es": "Iowa",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Iowa Code §§ 808B.2(2)(c), 727.8",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/808B.2.pdf"
    },
    "kansas": {
      "name_en": "Kansas",
      "name_es": "Kansas",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Kan. Stat. Ann. § 21-6101(a)",
      "nuance_en": "Concealed-device surveillance of a private place is separately barred; a participant recording their own conversation is not.",
      "nuance_es": "La vigilancia con dispositivos ocultos en lugares privados está prohibida por separado; un participante que graba su propia conversación no lo está.",
      "source": "https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch21/021_061_0001.html"
    },
    "kentucky": {
      "name_en": "Kentucky",
      "name_es": "Kentucky",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Ky. Rev. Stat. §§ 526.010, 526.020",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=19948"
    },
    "louisiana": {
      "name_en": "Louisiana",
      "name_es": "Luisiana",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "La. Rev. Stat. § 15:1303(C)(4)",
      "nuance_en": "Covers only conversations with privacy expectations; the exception is lost for criminal, tortious, or 'injurious' purposes.",
      "nuance_es": "Cubre solo conversaciones con expectativa de privacidad; la excepción se pierde con propósitos criminales, ilícitos o 'dañinos'.",
      "source": "https://law.justia.com/codes/louisiana/revised-statutes/title-15/rs-15-1303/"
    },
    "maine": {
      "name_en": "Maine",
      "name_es": "Maine",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "15 Me. Rev. Stat. §§ 709(4), 710",
      "nuance_en": "Overhearing within normal unaided hearing range is never 'interception.'",
      "nuance_es": "Escuchar dentro del alcance normal del oído sin aparatos nunca es 'interceptación'.",
      "source": "https://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/15/title15sec709.html"
    },
    "maryland": {
      "name_en": "Maryland",
      "name_es": "Maryland",
      "rule": "all-party",
      "statute": "Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 10-402",
      "nuance_en": "Covers only conversations with a reasonable expectation of privacy — on-duty police in public are generally outside the law (Agnew v. State, 2018).",
      "nuance_es": "Cubre solo conversaciones con expectativa razonable de privacidad — los policías en servicio en público generalmente quedan fuera (Agnew v. State, 2018).",
      "source": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Laws/StatuteText?article=gcj&section=10-402"
    },
    "massachusetts": {
      "name_en": "Massachusetts",
      "name_es": "Massachusetts",
      "rule": "mixed",
      "statute": "Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 272, § 99",
      "nuance_en": "The trigger is SECRECY, not consent: secret recording is criminal even for participants (Comm. v. Hyde, 2001); open recording is lawful; secretly recording police in public is constitutionally protected (Project Veritas v. Rollins, 1st Cir. 2020).",
      "nuance_es": "El detonante es el SECRETO, no el consentimiento: la grabación secreta es delito incluso para participantes (Comm. v. Hyde, 2001); la grabación abierta es legal; grabar en secreto a la policía en público está protegido constitucionalmente (Project Veritas v. Rollins, 1.er Cir. 2020).",
      "source": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIV/TitleI/Chapter272/Section99"
    },
    "michigan": {
      "name_en": "Michigan",
      "name_es": "Míchigan",
      "rule": "mixed",
      "statute": "Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.539c",
      "nuance_en": "Reads all-party, but courts hold a PARTICIPANT may record without consent (Sullivan v. Gray, 1982) — all-party only for third-party eavesdropping.",
      "nuance_es": "El texto exige todas las partes, pero los tribunales sostienen que un PARTICIPANTE puede grabar sin consentimiento (Sullivan v. Gray, 1982) — todas las partes solo aplica a terceros.",
      "source": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-750-539c"
    },
    "minnesota": {
      "name_en": "Minnesota",
      "name_es": "Minnesota",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Minn. Stat. § 626A.02, subd. 2(d)",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626A.02"
    },
    "mississippi": {
      "name_en": "Mississippi",
      "name_es": "Misisipi",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Miss. Code Ann. § 41-29-531(e)",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/title-41/chapter-29/article-7/section-41-29-531/"
    },
    "missouri": {
      "name_en": "Missouri",
      "name_es": "Misuri",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Mo. Rev. Stat. § 542.402.2(3)",
      "nuance_en": "The consent exception is written around phone calls; purely in-person participant recording is largely outside the statute's reach.",
      "nuance_es": "La excepción de consentimiento está redactada para llamadas telefónicas; la grabación en persona por un participante queda en gran parte fuera del alcance de la ley.",
      "source": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=542.402"
    },
    "montana": {
      "name_en": "Montana",
      "name_es": "Montana",
      "rule": "all-party",
      "statute": "Mont. Code Ann. § 45-8-213",
      "nuance_en": "Does NOT apply to public officials or employees performing official duties, to public meetings, or where a warning of the recording is given — an announced recording is lawful.",
      "nuance_es": "NO aplica a funcionarios o empleados públicos en el desempeño de sus funciones, a reuniones públicas, ni cuando se advierte de la grabación — una grabación anunciada es legal.",
      "source": "https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0450/chapter_0080/part_0020/section_0130/0450-0080-0020-0130.html"
    },
    "nebraska": {
      "name_en": "Nebraska",
      "name_es": "Nebraska",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-290(2)(c)",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=86-290"
    },
    "nevada": {
      "name_en": "Nevada",
      "name_es": "Nevada",
      "rule": "mixed",
      "rule_phone": {
        "en": "all-party for phone calls",
        "es": "todas las partes para llamadas"
      },
      "statute": "NRS 200.620 (phone); NRS 200.650 (in person)",
      "nuance_en": "Phone calls require ALL parties' consent even for participants (Lane v. Allstate, 1998); in-person conversations are one-party for participants.",
      "nuance_es": "Las llamadas telefónicas requieren el consentimiento de TODAS las partes incluso para participantes (Lane v. Allstate, 1998); las conversaciones en persona son de una parte para participantes.",
      "source": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-200.html#NRS200Sec620"
    },
    "new-hampshire": {
      "name_en": "New Hampshire",
      "name_es": "Nuevo Hampshire",
      "rule": "all-party",
      "statute": "N.H. RSA 570-A:2",
      "nuance_en": "Recording without all-party consent is a felony, reduced to a misdemeanor when a participant records knowingly (RSA 570-A:2, I-a).",
      "nuance_es": "Grabar sin el consentimiento de todos es un delito grave, reducido a delito menor cuando un participante graba a sabiendas (RSA 570-A:2, I-a).",
      "source": "https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/lviii/570-a/570-a-2.htm"
    },
    "new-jersey": {
      "name_en": "New Jersey",
      "name_es": "Nueva Jersey",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "N.J.S.A. 2A:156A-4(d)",
      "nuance_en": "Exception lost for criminal, tortious, or 'other injurious' purposes; owning the phone line is expressly NOT consent.",
      "nuance_es": "La excepción se pierde con propósitos criminales, ilícitos o 'dañinos'; ser dueño de la línea telefónica expresamente NO es consentimiento.",
      "source": "https://law.justia.com/codes/new-jersey/title-2a/section-2a-156a-4/"
    },
    "new-mexico": {
      "name_en": "New Mexico",
      "name_es": "Nuevo México",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "NMSA 1978, § 30-12-1",
      "nuance_en": "Covers only wire (phone) interception by outsiders — in-person conversations are outside the statute entirely (State v. Hogervorst, 1977).",
      "nuance_es": "Cubre solo la interceptación de líneas (teléfono) por terceros — las conversaciones en persona quedan totalmente fuera de la ley (State v. Hogervorst, 1977).",
      "source": "https://law.justia.com/codes/new-mexico/chapter-30/article-12/section-30-12-1/"
    },
    "new-york": {
      "name_en": "New York",
      "name_es": "Nueva York",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "N.Y. Penal Law §§ 250.00, 250.05",
      "nuance_en": "Participants fall outside the eavesdropping crime by definition; parents may record young children's calls ('vicarious consent,' People v. Badalamenti, 2016).",
      "nuance_es": "Los participantes quedan fuera del delito por definición; los padres pueden grabar las llamadas de hijos pequeños ('consentimiento vicario', People v. Badalamenti, 2016).",
      "source": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PEN/250.00"
    },
    "north-carolina": {
      "name_en": "North Carolina",
      "name_es": "Carolina del Norte",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-287",
      "nuance_en": "Violation is a Class H felony — harsher than most one-party states.",
      "nuance_es": "La violación es un delito grave de clase H — más severo que en la mayoría de los estados de una parte.",
      "source": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_15A/GS_15A-287.html"
    },
    "north-dakota": {
      "name_en": "North Dakota",
      "name_es": "Dakota del Norte",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "N.D. Cent. Code § 12.1-15-02",
      "nuance_en": "Party consent is an affirmative defense rather than an exclusion, and fails if the recording aims at a crime or unlawful harm.",
      "nuance_es": "El consentimiento de una parte es una defensa afirmativa, no una exclusión, y falla si la grabación busca un delito o daño ilegal.",
      "source": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c15.pdf"
    },
    "ohio": {
      "name_en": "Ohio",
      "name_es": "Ohio",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Ohio Rev. Code § 2933.52(B)(4)",
      "nuance_en": "Exception lost for criminal, tortious, or 'other injurious' purposes.",
      "nuance_es": "La excepción se pierde con propósitos criminales, ilícitos o 'dañinos'.",
      "source": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2933.52"
    },
    "oklahoma": {
      "name_en": "Oklahoma",
      "name_es": "Oklahoma",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "13 O.S. § 176.4",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=72172"
    },
    "oregon": {
      "name_en": "Oregon",
      "name_es": "Oregón",
      "rule": "mixed",
      "rule_phone": {
        "en": "one-party for phone calls",
        "es": "una parte para llamadas"
      },
      "statute": "ORS 165.540",
      "nuance_en": "Phone recording is one-party, but in-person conversations require that ALL participants be 'specifically informed' (announced, not consented); openly recording on-duty police is expressly allowed. Upheld en banc, Project Veritas v. Schmidt (9th Cir. 2025).",
      "nuance_es": "La grabación telefónica es de una parte, pero las conversaciones en persona exigen que TODOS los participantes sean 'específicamente informados' (anunciar, no consentir); grabar abiertamente a policías en servicio está expresamente permitido. Confirmado en banc, Project Veritas v. Schmidt (9.º Cir. 2025).",
      "source": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors165.html"
    },
    "pennsylvania": {
      "name_en": "Pennsylvania",
      "name_es": "Pensilvania",
      "rule": "all-party",
      "statute": "18 Pa.C.S. §§ 5703, 5704",
      "nuance_en": "Covers only communications with an expectation of privacy — on-duty police generally cannot claim it; smartphones count as intercept devices (Comm. v. Smith, 2016); police body cams are exempted (Act 22 of 2017).",
      "nuance_es": "Cubre solo comunicaciones con expectativa de privacidad — los policías en servicio generalmente no pueden invocarla; los teléfonos cuentan como dispositivos de interceptación (Comm. v. Smith, 2016); las cámaras corporales policiales están exentas (Ley 22 de 2017).",
      "source": "https://www.palegis.us/statutes/consolidated/view-statute?txtType=HTM&ttl=18&div=0&chpt=57"
    },
    "puerto-rico": {
      "name_en": "Puerto Rico",
      "name_es": "Puerto Rico",
      "rule": "all-party",
      "statute": "P.R. Penal Code Art. 169 (33 L.P.R.A. § 5235)",
      "nuance_en": "Recording a private communication without ALL parties' express consent is a misdemeanor even for participants; third-party wiretapping is banned by the P.R. Constitution itself (Art. II § 10).",
      "nuance_es": "Grabar una comunicación privada sin el consentimiento expreso de TODAS las partes es un delito menos grave incluso para participantes; la interceptación por terceros la prohíbe la propia Constitución de P.R. (Art. II § 10).",
      "source": "https://bvirtualogp.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/leyesreferencia/PDF/Justicia/146-2012/146-2012.pdf"
    },
    "rhode-island": {
      "name_en": "Rhode Island",
      "name_es": "Rhode Island",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-35-21",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://law.justia.com/codes/rhode-island/title-11/chapter-11-35/section-11-35-21/"
    },
    "south-carolina": {
      "name_en": "South Carolina",
      "name_es": "Carolina del Sur",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "S.C. Code Ann. § 17-30-30",
      "nuance_en": "All-party bills have been introduced repeatedly (latest H.3593, 2025-26) but never enacted — still one-party.",
      "nuance_es": "Se han presentado proyectos para exigir todas las partes (el último H.3593, 2025-26) pero ninguno se ha aprobado — sigue siendo de una parte.",
      "source": "https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t17c030.php"
    },
    "south-dakota": {
      "name_en": "South Dakota",
      "name_es": "Dakota del Sur",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "S.D. Codified Laws § 23A-35A-20",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/23A-35A-20"
    },
    "tennessee": {
      "name_en": "Tennessee",
      "name_es": "Tennessee",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-601",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/title-39/chapter-13/part-6/section-39-13-601/"
    },
    "texas": {
      "name_en": "Texas",
      "name_es": "Texas",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Tex. Penal Code § 16.02(c)(4)",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/GetStatute.aspx?Code=PE&Value=16.02"
    },
    "utah": {
      "name_en": "Utah",
      "name_es": "Utah",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Utah Code § 77-23a-4",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title77/Chapter23a/77-23a-S4.html"
    },
    "vermont": {
      "name_en": "Vermont",
      "name_es": "Vermont",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "No state statute — federal rule applies (18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(d))",
      "nuance_en": "The only state with NO wiretap statute — the federal one-party rule is the baseline; Vermont case law restricts STATE ACTORS, not private recording.",
      "nuance_es": "El único estado SIN ley de intervenciones — la regla federal de una parte es la base; la jurisprudencia de Vermont restringe a los AGENTES DEL ESTADO, no la grabación privada.",
      "source": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2511"
    },
    "virginia": {
      "name_en": "Virginia",
      "name_es": "Virginia",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Va. Code § 19.2-62",
      "nuance_en": "In-person conversations are protected only with a justified expectation of privacy — public conversations are generally excluded.",
      "nuance_es": "Las conversaciones en persona están protegidas solo con una expectativa justificada de privacidad — las conversaciones públicas generalmente quedan fuera.",
      "source": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title19.2/chapter6/section19.2-62/"
    },
    "washington": {
      "name_en": "Washington",
      "name_es": "Washington",
      "rule": "all-party",
      "statute": "RCW 9.73.030",
      "nuance_en": "Covers only 'private' conversations — courts hold on-duty police encounters are NOT private (State v. Flora, 1992; Lewis v. Dep't of Licensing, 2006); announcing the recording on tape also satisfies the law.",
      "nuance_es": "Cubre solo conversaciones 'privadas' — los tribunales sostienen que los encuentros con policías en servicio NO son privados (State v. Flora, 1992; Lewis v. Dep't of Licensing, 2006); anunciar la grabación en la propia grabación también cumple la ley.",
      "source": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=9.73.030"
    },
    "west-virginia": {
      "name_en": "West Virginia",
      "name_es": "Virginia Occidental",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "W. Va. Code § 62-1D-3",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://code.wvlegislature.gov/62-1D-3/"
    },
    "wisconsin": {
      "name_en": "Wisconsin",
      "name_es": "Wisconsin",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Wis. Stat. § 968.31(2)(c)",
      "nuance_en": "One-party criminally, but a recorded phone call is inadmissible in CIVIL court unless the other party was told it might be used there (Wis. Stat. § 885.365).",
      "nuance_es": "Una parte en lo penal, pero una llamada grabada es inadmisible en un juicio CIVIL salvo que se haya avisado a la otra parte (Wis. Stat. § 885.365).",
      "source": "https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/968/31"
    },
    "wyoming": {
      "name_en": "Wyoming",
      "name_es": "Wyoming",
      "rule": "one-party",
      "statute": "Wyo. Stat. § 7-3-702",
      "nuance_en": "",
      "nuance_es": "",
      "source": "https://law.justia.com/codes/wyoming/title-7/chapter-3/article-7/section-7-3-702/"
    }
  }
}