⚠️ Policy update (May 21, 2026): USCIS Policy Memo PM-602-0199 now treats adjustment of status (Form I-485) as discretionary relief granted only in “extraordinary circumstances,” pointing most applicants toward consular processing abroad — and it is widely read as reaching already-pending applications. Where this page describes adjusting status inside the US, expect heavier discretionary scrutiny and document positive ties thoroughly. Details: Adjustment of status vs consular processing.

⚠️ CRITICAL ALERT: H.R.1 / OBBBA changes effective May 29, 2026

Official source: Federal Register 2026-08333

Verified: 2026-05-25

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R.1, Public Law 119-21) introduces MAJOR changes to immigration fees, effective May 29, 2026:

Critical changes

ProcessBefore HR-1After HR-1Impact
Asylum application (Form I-589)FREE$100 feeCannot be waived. Applications WITHOUT fee will be REJECTED
Annual Asylum Fee (AAF)N/A$100/year while pendingNEW recurring fee per year application remains pending
Form I-94 (replacement)Free for most$24Form I-102 now has additional fee
TPS Employment Authorization (EAD)Up to 18 monthsMaximum 1 yearMore frequent renewals required

What this means

Before: applying for asylum was FREE. Process could take 4-7 years but cost nothing.

Now (May 29, 2026+):

  • $100 upon filing Form I-589
  • $100 every year application remains pending
  • Typical total (4-7 year process): $500-$800 in mandatory fees
  • Fee waivers NOT permitted by statute
  • Applications WITHOUT payment will be REJECTED
  • Asylum fee: 8 U.S.C. 1802
  • Annual Asylum Fee (AAF): 8 U.S.C. 1808
  • I-94 fee: H.R.1 Public Law 119-21
  • TPS EAD limit: 8 U.S.C. 1803(c), 8 U.S.C. 1811(a)

Visa overstays (entering US legally on tourist, student, work, or other visa and staying past the I-94 expiration date) are common — estimated 40-45% of US undocumented population entered legally.

Critical: You are “out of status” not “illegal”

Legal terminology matters:

  • You entered with INSPECTION (good for many paths)
  • You are now “out of status” (overstay)
  • After 180 days overstay: 3-year bar to reentry (if you leave)
  • After 365 days overstay: 10-year bar to reentry (if you leave)
  • Staying inside the US: paths are still available

Available paths

Path A: Marriage to US Citizen (most common)

If you marry a US citizen, you can Adjust Status without leaving the US via:

  1. Form I-130 (Petition for Alien Relative) filed by USC spouse — $675
  2. Form I-485 (Application for Adjustment of Status) filed by you — $1,440
  3. Form I-765 (work permit while waiting) — included in fee bundle
  4. Form I-131 (advance parole travel doc) — included
  5. Form I-693 (medical exam by USCIS doctor)

Timeline: 10-18 months for green card. No leaving US needed (avoids 3/10-year bar).

Critical: Visa overstay does NOT bar Adjustment of Status if married to USC. This is the “245(a) cure” — USC immediate relatives get cured.

Path B: Marriage to LPR (longer)

If you marry an LPR (green card holder), the path is harder:

  • F2A category has annual quota — wait 1-3 years
  • You may need to leave US and process at consulate (triggers 3/10-year bar)
  • Consider waiting until spouse naturalizes (becomes USC) first

Path C: Asylum (if you fear persecution)

If you face persecution in your home country based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group:

  • File Form I-589 (Application for Asylum) within 1 year of arrival
  • After 180 days: eligible for EAD via Form I-765
  • After 1 year: eligible for green card via Form I-485
  • See: Asylum path detail

Path D: VAWA self-petition (if abused by USC/LPR family)

If abused by US citizen or LPR spouse, parent, or adult child:

  • Form I-360 (Petition for Special Immigrant Status, VAWA option)
  • Confidential — abuser is NOT notified
  • FREE
  • Self-petition (no abuser signature)
  • See: VAWA path detail

Path E: U-visa (crime victim)

If victim of qualifying crime in US AND cooperating with law enforcement:

  • Form I-918 with law enforcement certification
  • 4-year backlog currently
  • Up to 10,000 U-visas per year
  • See: U-visa path detail

Path F: T-visa (trafficking victim)

If victim of human trafficking in US:

  • Form I-914 with proof of trafficking
  • See: T-visa path detail

Path G: Cancellation of Removal (if in deportation)

If in removal proceedings (deportation court) AND been in US 10+ years AND have USC/LPR family member who would suffer “exceptional and extremely unusual hardship” if you’re deported:

  • EOIR-42B filed in immigration court
  • Long-term path — high bar
  • See: Cancellation of removal path detail

Path H: 245(i) grandfathering (RARE — pre-2001)

If you (or your spouse/parent) filed Form I-130 or labor certification BEFORE April 30, 2001:

  • May be eligible for AOS despite overstay
  • Pay $1,000 penalty + I-485 fees
  • VERY narrow eligibility
  • See: 245(i) detail

Path I: Voluntary departure + re-entry visa

If no other path applies:

  • Voluntary departure (rather than deportation) — preserves option to apply for visa from home country
  • Wait 3 or 10 years (depending on overstay duration)
  • Apply for new visa from your country’s US consulate
  • Risk: visa denial is more likely with overstay history

What to AVOID

  • ❌ Leaving the US before exploring AOS paths (triggers 3/10-year bar)
  • ❌ Using fake documents (federal crime, makes most paths impossible)
  • ❌ Accepting “notarios” for legal help (often fraudulent)
  • ❌ Ignoring deportation notices (NTA from immigration court)
  • ❌ Working without authorization once you have a pending case (jeopardizes case)

Resources

Last verified: 2026-05-25.

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General procedural information based on official sources. Not personalized legal advice.